Intel Corporation has extended its lead in the high-end server segment, setting new standards in virtualization performance with the launch of seven 45 nanometer (nm)-manufactured Intel Xeon Processor 7400 Series products. With up to six processing cores per chip and 16MB of shared cache memory, applications built for virtualized environments and data demanding workloads, such as databases, business intelligence, enterprise resource planning and server consolidation, experience dramatic performance increases of almost 50 percent in some cases.
Platforms based on these processors can scale up to 16 processor "sockets" to deliver servers with up to 96 processing cores inside, offering tremendous scalability, ample computing threads, extensive memory resources and uncompromising reliability for enterprise data centers.
"The arrival of these processors extends Intel's lead in the high-end server segment," said Tom Kilroy, Intel vice president and general manager of the Digital Enterprise Group. "This new processor series helps IT manage increasingly complex enterprise server environments, providing a great opportunity to boost the scalable performance of multi-threaded applications within a stable platform infrastructure. With new features such as additional cores, large shared caches and advanced virtualization technologies, the Xeon 7400 series delivers record-breaking performance that will lead enterprises into the next wave of virtualization deployments."
Product Details, Customers
These products offer frequencies up to 2.66 GHz and power levels down to 50 watts, including the first 6-core, x86 compatible 65-watt version which translates to just under 11 watts per processor core, with platforms available in rack, tower and highly dense blade form factors.The Xeon 7400 processor series is compatible with Intel's existing Xeon 7300 series platforms and the Intel 7300 chipset with memory capacity up to 256GB, allowing IT departments to quickly deploy the new processor into a stable platform infrastructure.Starting today, servers based on the Intel Xeon 7400 processor series are expected to be announced by more than 50 system manufacturers around the world, including four-socket rack servers from Dell, Fujitsu, Fujitsu-Siemens, Hitachi, HP, IBM, NEC, Sun, Supermicro and Unisys; four-socket blade servers from Egenera, HP, Sun and NEC; and servers that scale up to 16-sockets from IBM, NEC and Unisys.
Counter
Monday, December 15, 2008
PowerPC Extension Technology Microprocessor
The primary objective of this manual is to help programmers provide software that is compatible across the family of 64-bit PowerPC™ processors, which have implemented the Vector/SIMD Multimedia Extension technology. This book describes how the vector technology relates to the 64-bit portion of the PowerPC architecture.
Verify in IBM Customer connect that you have the latest versions of all referenced documents before finalizing any designs. All recommendations given should be considered as guidelines, intended to help design a functional system. However, they are only guidelines and do not take the place of design specific results obtained from signal integrity modeling considerations and debug recommendations provided in this document and in referenced documents were developed to help reduce the risk of board design problems
Verify in IBM Customer connect that you have the latest versions of all referenced documents before finalizing any designs. All recommendations given should be considered as guidelines, intended to help design a functional system. However, they are only guidelines and do not take the place of design specific results obtained from signal integrity modeling considerations and debug recommendations provided in this document and in referenced documents were developed to help reduce the risk of board design problems
The New STI cell processor
IBM, Sony and Toshiba release key documents describing fresh technical details of the revolutionary Cell Broadband Engine architecture.Just as the cells in a body unite to form complete physical systems, a "Cell" architecture will allow all kinds of electronic devices (from consumer products to supercomputers) to work together, signaling a new era in Internet entertainment, communications and collaboration.
In March 2001, Sony and Toshiba and IBM (STI) announced that they had teamed up to design an architecture for what is termed a system-on-a-chip (SoC) design. Code-named Cell, chips based on the architecture will be able to use ultra high-speed broadband connectivity to interoperate with one another as one complete system, similar to the way neural cells interoperate over the brain's network.
IBM expects Cell to define an entirely new way of operating. Cell's underlying architecture will enable it to manifest itself into many forms for many purposes, helping to open up a whole new set of applications. Incorporating this architecture, chips will be developed for everything from handheld devices to mainframe computers.
Wednesday, December 3, 2008
IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP. (New) Initial release.
This package installs the software (WiMAX driver and Utility) to enable the following adapter cards.
*Intel Wireless WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350
*The following systems are supported:
*ThinkPad SL300, SL500
*ThinkPad T400
*ThinkPad X301
Driver Install Instruction >>
1. Define your IBM notebook device model.
2. Define your operating system to install your IBM notebook device
3. Search notebook driver category
4. Find IBM notebook driver
5. Select IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
6. Download IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
7. Install IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
8. Restart or reboot your computer to finish your driver installation.
This package installs the software (WiMAX driver and Utility) to enable the following adapter cards.
*Intel Wireless WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350
*The following systems are supported:
*ThinkPad SL300, SL500
*ThinkPad T400
*ThinkPad X301
Driver Install Instruction >>
1. Define your IBM notebook device model.
2. Define your operating system to install your IBM notebook device
3. Search notebook driver category
4. Find IBM notebook driver
5. Select IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
6. Download IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
7. Install IBM ThinkPad T400 Intel WiMax 1.00.0042 Windows XP
8. Restart or reboot your computer to finish your driver installation.
IBM ThinkPad X301 Intel PRO 1000 LAN Adapter Software Driver 9.52.9.0 (Build 170330) Windows Vista
IBM ThinkPad X301 Intel PRO 1000 LAN Adapter Software Driver 9.52.9.0 (Build 170330) Windows Vista.
Version build 9.52.9.0 Build (170330):
*(Fix) The Cancel and Next buttons are missing with large font.
*(Fix) 9 Kbyte Jumbo Frame performance problem.
*(New) Support for ThinkPad W700, X301 (added).
*(New) Support for ThinkPad X200s,X200 Tablet (added).
*This package installs the software (Ethernet driver) to enable the following devices.
*Intel 82567LM Gigabit Network Connection
*Intel 82567LF Gigabit Network Connection
*This release supports the following systems:
*ThinkPad R400
*ThinkPad T400, T500
*ThinkPad W500, W700
*ThinkPad X200, X200s, X200 Tablet, X301
Version build 9.52.9.0 Build (170330):
*(Fix) The Cancel and Next buttons are missing with large font.
*(Fix) 9 Kbyte Jumbo Frame performance problem.
*(New) Support for ThinkPad W700, X301 (added).
*(New) Support for ThinkPad X200s,X200 Tablet (added).
*This package installs the software (Ethernet driver) to enable the following devices.
*Intel 82567LM Gigabit Network Connection
*Intel 82567LF Gigabit Network Connection
*This release supports the following systems:
*ThinkPad R400
*ThinkPad T400, T500
*ThinkPad W500, W700
*ThinkPad X200, X200s, X200 Tablet, X301
IBM ThinkPad Hard Drive Firmware Update Utility FWSH23 (Bootable CD ISO)
IBM ThinkPad Hard Drive Firmware Update Utility FWSH23 (Bootable CD ISO).
This utility will examine your system configuration and detect all the hard drives installed. It will then check the firmware revision of the drive and judge whether your system requires a firmware update.
The following systems are supported:
*R60, R60e, R60i
*R61, R61e, R61i
*R400, R500
*Sl300, SL400, SL500
*T60, T60p
*T61, T61p
*T400, T500
*W500, W700
*X60, X60s, X60 Tablet
*X61, X61s, X61 Tablet
*X200
*Z60m, Z60t
*Z61e, Z61m, Z61p, Z61t
This utility will examine your system configuration and detect all the hard drives installed. It will then check the firmware revision of the drive and judge whether your system requires a firmware update.
The following systems are supported:
*R60, R60e, R60i
*R61, R61e, R61i
*R400, R500
*Sl300, SL400, SL500
*T60, T60p
*T61, T61p
*T400, T500
*W500, W700
*X60, X60s, X60 Tablet
*X61, X61s, X61 Tablet
*X200
*Z60m, Z60t
*Z61e, Z61m, Z61p, Z61t
IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64).
This System Program Service Utility updates the BIOS (system program including the Embedded Controller (EC) program) stored in the system to fix problems, add new functions, or expand functions as noted below
Version 1.17-1.01:
(Fix) The external display may have blank screen when the computer is attached to the Docking Station with the LCD closed and then is powered on.
>> Driver Install Instruction >>
1. Define your IBM notebook device model.
2. Define your operating system to install your IBM notebook device
3. Search notebook driver category
4. Find IBM notebook driver
5. Select IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
6. Download IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
7. Install IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
8. Restart or reboot your computer to finish your driver installation.
This System Program Service Utility updates the BIOS (system program including the Embedded Controller (EC) program) stored in the system to fix problems, add new functions, or expand functions as noted below
Version 1.17-1.01:
(Fix) The external display may have blank screen when the computer is attached to the Docking Station with the LCD closed and then is powered on.
>> Driver Install Instruction >>
1. Define your IBM notebook device model.
2. Define your operating system to install your IBM notebook device
3. Search notebook driver category
4. Find IBM notebook driver
5. Select IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
6. Download IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
7. Install IBM ThinkPad R500 BIOS 1.17-1.01 Bootable CD Widows XP/Vista(x32/x64)
8. Restart or reboot your computer to finish your driver installation.
IBM ThinkPad X300/X301 Intel Wireless LAN Driver 12.00.4000 Windows Vista
This package provides the Wireless LAN driver to enable the following Wireless LAN adapters.
*Intel WiFi Link 5100
*Intel WiFi Link 5300
*Intel Wireless WiFi Link 4965ag
*Intel Wireless WiFi Link 4965agn
*Intel PRO/Wireless 3945bg Network Connection
*Intel PRO/Wireless 3945abg Network Connection
**The following systems are supported:
*Reserve Edition
*R50, R50e, R50p, R51, R51e, R52
*R60, R60e, R61, R61e
*R400, R500
*SL300, SL400, SL500
*T41, T41p, T42, T42p, T43, T43p
*T60, T60p, T61, T61p
*T400, T500
*W500, W700
*X40, X41, X41 Tablet
*X60, X60s, X60 Tablet, X61, X61s, X61 Tablet
*X200, X200s, X200 Tablet, X300, X301
*Z60m, Z61e, Z61m, Z61p, Z61t
*Version 12.00.4000 (7VWV15WW):
*(New) Support for ThinkPad R400,R500,T400,T500,W500,X200.
*(New) Support for ThinkPad W700,X301 (added).
*(New) Support for ThinkPad X200s,X200 Tablet (added).
*Intel WiFi Link 5100
*Intel WiFi Link 5300
*Intel Wireless WiFi Link 4965ag
*Intel Wireless WiFi Link 4965agn
*Intel PRO/Wireless 3945bg Network Connection
*Intel PRO/Wireless 3945abg Network Connection
**The following systems are supported:
*Reserve Edition
*R50, R50e, R50p, R51, R51e, R52
*R60, R60e, R61, R61e
*R400, R500
*SL300, SL400, SL500
*T41, T41p, T42, T42p, T43, T43p
*T60, T60p, T61, T61p
*T400, T500
*W500, W700
*X40, X41, X41 Tablet
*X60, X60s, X60 Tablet, X61, X61s, X61 Tablet
*X200, X200s, X200 Tablet, X300, X301
*Z60m, Z61e, Z61m, Z61p, Z61t
*Version 12.00.4000 (7VWV15WW):
*(New) Support for ThinkPad R400,R500,T400,T500,W500,X200.
*(New) Support for ThinkPad W700,X301 (added).
*(New) Support for ThinkPad X200s,X200 Tablet (added).
Saturday, October 18, 2008
IBM System x3450
Features industry-leading technology to deliver maximum performance for minimal investment
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
Innovation drives performance--::::
The x3450 delivers high performance thanks to quad-core and dual-core processors with 1600 MHz front-side bus to speed I/O and 16 Fully Buffered DIMMs for large memory addressability. Both allow organizations to run applications more quickly.
Hardware summary:::::
1U space-saving design
Quad-Core Intel Xeon X5482 up to 3.20 GHz and up to 1600 MHz front-side bus or Dual-Core Intel Xeon X5272 up to 3.40 GHz and up to 1600 MHz front-side bus .
Up to 64 GB Fully Buffered DIMMs 800 MHz via 16 DIMM slots .
1 PCI-Express x16 Gen 2 full-height/full-length or 1 PCI-Express x8 Gen 1 low-profile/half-length .
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
Innovation drives performance--::::
The x3450 delivers high performance thanks to quad-core and dual-core processors with 1600 MHz front-side bus to speed I/O and 16 Fully Buffered DIMMs for large memory addressability. Both allow organizations to run applications more quickly.
Hardware summary:::::
1U space-saving design
Quad-Core Intel Xeon X5482 up to 3.20 GHz and up to 1600 MHz front-side bus or Dual-Core Intel Xeon X5272 up to 3.40 GHz and up to 1600 MHz front-side bus .
Up to 64 GB Fully Buffered DIMMs 800 MHz via 16 DIMM slots .
1 PCI-Express x16 Gen 2 full-height/full-length or 1 PCI-Express x8 Gen 1 low-profile/half-length .
IBM System x3450
Features industry-leading technology to deliver maximum performance for minimal investment
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
IBM System x3450
Features industry-leading technology to deliver maximum performance for minimal investment
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
Helps manage growth, complexity and risk with large memory addressability and scalable systems
Saves valuable real estate for large cluster deployments due to its 1U space-saving design Organizations need powerful servers that can deliver high performance—providing only necessary features.
The IBM System x3450 provides maximum performance for a fixed investment, enabling organizations to run compute-intensive applications.
Am386:
The Am386 CPU was released by AMD in 1991. A 100%-compatible clone of the Intel 80386 design, it sold millions of units and positioned AMD as a legitimate competitor to Intel, rather than just a second source for x86 CPUs (then termed 8086-family).While the CPU was essentially ready to be released prior to 1991, Intel kept it tied up in court. AMD had previously been a second-source manufacturer of Intel's designs, and AMD's interpretation of the contract was that it covered all of them.
Intel, however, claimed that the contract only covered the 80286 and prior processors. After a few years in the courtrooms, AMD finally won the case and the right to sell their Am386. This paved the way for competition also in the market for 8086-compatible 32-bit processors and lowered the cost of buying a PC.While Intel's 386 design peaked at 33 MHz, AMD released a 40 MHz version of both its 386DX and 386SX, extending the lifespan of the architecture. The AMD 386DX-40 was popular with small manufacturers of PC clones and with budget-minded computer enthusiasts because it offered near-80486 performance at a much lower price than a real 486.The 386DX-40 could match or even slightly outperform a 486SX-25 in popular benchmarks and many real-world applications, while costing less.
Integer performance at 40 MHz thus approached that of low-end 486 CPUs, but rarely exceeded it. This is because the 486 needed fewer clock cycles per instruction, thanks to its tighter pipelining (more overlapping of internal processing) in combination with a crucical on-chip CPU cache. However, because the Am386DX-40 had the same 32-bit width on its data bus as an 80486, it had good memory and I/O performance even compared to many 486s.Floating point performance could be boosted with the addition of an inexpensive 80387 coprocessor, although performance would still not approach that of the on-chip FPU of the 486DX. This made the Am386DX a suboptimal choice for scientific applications and CAD using floating point intensive calculations.
However, both were niche markets in the early 1990s and the chip sold well, first as a mid-range contender, and then as a budget chip. Although motherboards using the older 386 CPUs often had limited memory expansion possibilties and therefore struggled under Windows 95's memory requirements, boards using the Am386 was sold well into the mid-1990s; at the end as budget motherboards for those who were only interested in running MS-DOS or Windows 3.1x applications.
Intel, however, claimed that the contract only covered the 80286 and prior processors. After a few years in the courtrooms, AMD finally won the case and the right to sell their Am386. This paved the way for competition also in the market for 8086-compatible 32-bit processors and lowered the cost of buying a PC.While Intel's 386 design peaked at 33 MHz, AMD released a 40 MHz version of both its 386DX and 386SX, extending the lifespan of the architecture. The AMD 386DX-40 was popular with small manufacturers of PC clones and with budget-minded computer enthusiasts because it offered near-80486 performance at a much lower price than a real 486.The 386DX-40 could match or even slightly outperform a 486SX-25 in popular benchmarks and many real-world applications, while costing less.
Integer performance at 40 MHz thus approached that of low-end 486 CPUs, but rarely exceeded it. This is because the 486 needed fewer clock cycles per instruction, thanks to its tighter pipelining (more overlapping of internal processing) in combination with a crucical on-chip CPU cache. However, because the Am386DX-40 had the same 32-bit width on its data bus as an 80486, it had good memory and I/O performance even compared to many 486s.Floating point performance could be boosted with the addition of an inexpensive 80387 coprocessor, although performance would still not approach that of the on-chip FPU of the 486DX. This made the Am386DX a suboptimal choice for scientific applications and CAD using floating point intensive calculations.
However, both were niche markets in the early 1990s and the chip sold well, first as a mid-range contender, and then as a budget chip. Although motherboards using the older 386 CPUs often had limited memory expansion possibilties and therefore struggled under Windows 95's memory requirements, boards using the Am386 was sold well into the mid-1990s; at the end as budget motherboards for those who were only interested in running MS-DOS or Windows 3.1x applications.
AMD Phen
Phenom (pronounced as IPA: as in the word phenomenon) is the AMD desktop processor line based on the K10 (not "K10h") microarchitecture,[1] or Family 10h Processors, as AMD calls them. Triple-core versions (codenamed Toliman) belong to the Phenom 8000 series and quad cores (codenamed Agena) in the AMD Phenom X4 9000 series. AMD considers the quad core Phenoms to be the first "true" quad core design, as these processors are a monolithic multi-core design (all cores on the same piece of silicon wafer), unlike Intel's Core 2 Quad series which are a multi-chip module (MCM) design. The processors are on the Socket AM2+ platform.
Monday, September 29, 2008
Intel® Desktop Board DX38BT
Board series:
Intel® Desktop Boards Extreme Series
BIOS ID string
BT38X10J.86A
D85848-501
Processor :
Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor
Intel® Core™2 Quad processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor
Performance (04B/05B)/mainstream (04A/05A) vreg support
05B
FSB support
1333/1066/800 MHz
Processor socket:
LGA 775
Chipset :
Intel® X38 Express Chipset
Integrated graphics
No
Form factor:
ATX
Memory - maximum supported
8 GB¹
Memory frequency (refer to tips for configuration requirements)
Dual Channel DDR3 1333/1066/800 MHz
Audio :
Intel® High Definition Audio (Sigmatel* STAC9274D)
S/PDIF
2 digital audio out connectors (1 optical and 1 3-pin internal)
LAN controller
10/100/1000 LAN
USB connectors
12 USB 2.0 (4-F, 8-B)
PCI* slots
2
PCI Express* x16
3 (2 electrical x16 2.0, 1 electrical x4 1.0a)
PCI Express* x1
None
SATA (ports)
Eight Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 2 eSATA port with RAID support:
PATA (ports)
1 port, 2 devices
IEEE-1394a ports
2 (1 front, 1 back)
Intel® Desktop Boards Extreme Series
BIOS ID string
BT38X10J.86A
D85848-501
Processor :
Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor
Intel® Core™2 Quad processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor
Performance (04B/05B)/mainstream (04A/05A) vreg support
05B
FSB support
1333/1066/800 MHz
Processor socket:
LGA 775
Chipset :
Intel® X38 Express Chipset
Integrated graphics
No
Form factor:
ATX
Memory - maximum supported
8 GB¹
Memory frequency (refer to tips for configuration requirements)
Dual Channel DDR3 1333/1066/800 MHz
Audio :
Intel® High Definition Audio (Sigmatel* STAC9274D)
S/PDIF
2 digital audio out connectors (1 optical and 1 3-pin internal)
LAN controller
10/100/1000 LAN
USB connectors
12 USB 2.0 (4-F, 8-B)
PCI* slots
2
PCI Express* x16
3 (2 electrical x16 2.0, 1 electrical x4 1.0a)
PCI Express* x1
None
SATA (ports)
Eight Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 2 eSATA port with RAID support:
PATA (ports)
1 port, 2 devices
IEEE-1394a ports
2 (1 front, 1 back)
Intel® Desktop Board D975XBX2
Form Factor:
ATX (12.00 inches by 9.60 inches [304.80 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Processor Extreme Edition in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 or 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology◊ (in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus)
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® D processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology◊ (in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus)
· View all supported processors
Memory
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800, DDR2 667, or DDR2 533 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
· Support for ECC and non-ECC memory
Chipset:
Intel® 975X Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio subsystem in one of the following configurations:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and two S/PDIF digital audio outputs (coaxial and optical) using the Sigmatel* 9274D audio codec
· 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem with three analog audio outputs using the Sigmatel 9227 audio codec
ATI CrossFire* Multi-GPU Platform Support
ATI CrossFire technology enables two ATI graphics cards to work together for ultimate 3D gaming performance and visual quality
I/O Control
Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial, parallel, and PS/2* ports
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82573E/82573L Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Eight usb 2.0ports
· Four serial ata interfaces with RAID support (four additional interfaces available with optional discrete RAID controller)
· One parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100 support
· One diskette drive interface
· One serial port
· One parallel port
· PS/2* keyboard and mouse ports
Expansion Capabilities:
· Two PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors (SMBus routed to both PCI Conventional bus add-in card connectors)
· One Primary pci express x16 (electrical x16 or x8) bus add-in card connector
· One Secondary PCI Express* x16 (electrical x8) bus add-in card connector
· One PCI Express* x16 (electrical x4) bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel® Core™2 Duo or Intel® Core™2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
ATX (12.00 inches by 9.60 inches [304.80 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Processor Extreme Edition in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 or 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology◊ (in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus)
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® D processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology◊ (in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus)
· View all supported processors
Memory
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800, DDR2 667, or DDR2 533 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
· Support for ECC and non-ECC memory
Chipset:
Intel® 975X Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio subsystem in one of the following configurations:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and two S/PDIF digital audio outputs (coaxial and optical) using the Sigmatel* 9274D audio codec
· 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem with three analog audio outputs using the Sigmatel 9227 audio codec
ATI CrossFire* Multi-GPU Platform Support
ATI CrossFire technology enables two ATI graphics cards to work together for ultimate 3D gaming performance and visual quality
I/O Control
Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial, parallel, and PS/2* ports
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82573E/82573L Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Eight usb 2.0ports
· Four serial ata interfaces with RAID support (four additional interfaces available with optional discrete RAID controller)
· One parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100 support
· One diskette drive interface
· One serial port
· One parallel port
· PS/2* keyboard and mouse ports
Expansion Capabilities:
· Two PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors (SMBus routed to both PCI Conventional bus add-in card connectors)
· One Primary pci express x16 (electrical x16 or x8) bus add-in card connector
· One Secondary PCI Express* x16 (electrical x8) bus add-in card connector
· One PCI Express* x16 (electrical x4) bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel® Core™2 Duo or Intel® Core™2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
Intel® Desktop Board DG45FC
Form factor:
Mini-ITX (6.70 inches by 6.70 inches [171.45 millimeters by 171.45 millimeters])
Processor:
View supported processors for the most current list of compatible processors.:
At product launch, this desktop board supports:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® dual-core processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Celeron® processor 400 sequence in an LGA775 socket
Memory:
· Two 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800/667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 4 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G45 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio in the following configuration:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and one optical S/PDIF digital audio output using the IDT 92HD73E audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD onboard graphics subsystem with integrated HDMI + DVI-I display ports
LAN support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82567LF Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral interfaces:
· One serial port via header
· Up to 10 USB 2.0 ports (6 back ports and 4 via headers)
· 5 Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 1 eSATA back port with RAID 0, 1, 5, 10 support
· Consumer IR receiver and emitter (via internal)
Expansion capabilities:
One PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connectors
Mini-ITX (6.70 inches by 6.70 inches [171.45 millimeters by 171.45 millimeters])
Processor:
View supported processors for the most current list of compatible processors.:
At product launch, this desktop board supports:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® dual-core processor in an LGA775 socket
· Support for an Celeron® processor 400 sequence in an LGA775 socket
Memory:
· Two 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800/667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 4 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G45 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio in the following configuration:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and one optical S/PDIF digital audio output using the IDT 92HD73E audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD onboard graphics subsystem with integrated HDMI + DVI-I display ports
LAN support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82567LF Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral interfaces:
· One serial port via header
· Up to 10 USB 2.0 ports (6 back ports and 4 via headers)
· 5 Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 1 eSATA back port with RAID 0, 1, 5, 10 support
· Consumer IR receiver and emitter (via internal)
Expansion capabilities:
One PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connectors
Intel® Desktop Board DG33BU
Form Factor:
microATX (9.60 inches by 9.60 inches [243.84 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1333 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
Memory:
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800 MHz, or DDR2 667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G33 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio) subsystem in the following configuration:
· 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem using the Realtek ALC888* audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 (Intel® GMA 3100) onboard graphics subsystem with Intel® Clear Video Technology
I/O Control
Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial header, and PS/2* ports
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82566DC Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Twelve USB 2.0 ports
· Four Serial ATA IDE interfaces
· Two IEEE-1394a interfaces (1 external port, 1 internal header)
· One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100/133 support :
· One serial port header
· One diskette drive interface
· PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports
Expansion Capabilities:
· Two PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors
· One PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connector
· One PCI Express x16 bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Core 2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
microATX (9.60 inches by 9.60 inches [243.84 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1333 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
Memory:
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800 MHz, or DDR2 667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G33 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio) subsystem in the following configuration:
· 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem using the Realtek ALC888* audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 (Intel® GMA 3100) onboard graphics subsystem with Intel® Clear Video Technology
I/O Control
Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial header, and PS/2* ports
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82566DC Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Twelve USB 2.0 ports
· Four Serial ATA IDE interfaces
· Two IEEE-1394a interfaces (1 external port, 1 internal header)
· One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100/133 support :
· One serial port header
· One diskette drive interface
· PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports
Expansion Capabilities:
· Two PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors
· One PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connector
· One PCI Express x16 bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Core 2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
Intel® Desktop Board DG33TL
Form Factor:
Micro ATX (9.60 inches by 9.60 inches [243.84 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1333/1066/800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
·
Memory:
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800, or DDR2 667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G33 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio subsystem in the following configuration:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and one optical S/PDIF digital audio output using the Sigmatel STAC9271D* audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 onboard graphics subsystem with Intel® Clear Video Technology
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82566DC Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Twelve USB 2.0 ports (6 external ports, 3 internal headers)
· Six Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 1 eSATA port with RAID support :
· Two IEEE-1394a ports (1 external port, 1 internal header)
· Consumer IR receiver and emitter (via internal headers)
· One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100/133 support (2 devices supported)
· One serial port via header
Expansion Capabilities:
· One PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connector
· Two PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connectors
· One PCI Express* x16 bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel® Core™2 Duo or Intel® Core™2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
Micro ATX (9.60 inches by 9.60 inches [243.84 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor:
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Quad processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1333/1066/800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
· Support for an Intel® Celeron® processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
·
Memory:
· Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
· Support for DDR2 800, or DDR2 667 MHz DIMMs
· Support for up to 8 GBΣ of system memory
Chipset:
Intel® G33 Express Chipset
Audio:
Intel® High Definition Audio subsystem in the following configuration:
· 8-channel (7.1) audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and one optical S/PDIF digital audio output using the Sigmatel STAC9271D* audio codec
Video:
Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 onboard graphics subsystem with Intel® Clear Video Technology
LAN Support:
Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82566DC Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Peripheral Interfaces:
· Twelve USB 2.0 ports (6 external ports, 3 internal headers)
· Six Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 1 eSATA port with RAID support :
· Two IEEE-1394a ports (1 external port, 1 internal header)
· Consumer IR receiver and emitter (via internal headers)
· One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100/133 support (2 devices supported)
· One serial port via header
Expansion Capabilities:
· One PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connector
· Two PCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connectors
· One PCI Express* x16 bus add-in card connector
Microsoft Vista* Premium Ready:
With a PC built with Intel® Core™2 Duo or Intel® Core™2 Quad processors, and the Intel® Desktop Board, you can experience a more responsive and manageable environment of Microsoft Windows Vista* including a new visual sophistication of the Windows Aero* interface.
Saturday, September 27, 2008
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Processor
Almost too real
Get stunning realism on immersive multi-threaded games with advanced artificial intelligence (AI), particle systems, dynamic physics and texture- generation engines, with four cores of pure performance.
Expect everything – and get it
Get the ultimate engine for advanced multimedia with Intel® HD Boost (Intel® HDB) built into the Intel Core 2 Extreme processor. It delivers up to 40 percent higher performance for intensive multimedia applications like HD video encoding.‡2
Take control
With overspeed protection removed, you can tune your system for maximum performance to go where no gamer has gone before.Δ
Get it done fast
Maximise your system performance with the latest in cutting-edge processor technologies.
Get stunning realism on immersive multi-threaded games with advanced artificial intelligence (AI), particle systems, dynamic physics and texture- generation engines, with four cores of pure performance.
Expect everything – and get it
Get the ultimate engine for advanced multimedia with Intel® HD Boost (Intel® HDB) built into the Intel Core 2 Extreme processor. It delivers up to 40 percent higher performance for intensive multimedia applications like HD video encoding.‡2
Take control
With overspeed protection removed, you can tune your system for maximum performance to go where no gamer has gone before.Δ
Get it done fast
Maximise your system performance with the latest in cutting-edge processor technologies.
Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core Processor
Expand your options
Two processing cores deliver superior performance when multitasking several applications at once.
Fortify your defences
The Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor comes with built-in Execute Disable Bit technology, which helps keep your notebook safe from viruses, worms, and other malicious attacks.
Less energy consumption
Chipset advancements provide increased energy efficiency with less drain and longer battery life.
Self-adjusting frequency
Intel SpeedStep® technology allows your system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency to decrease power consumption and heat production.
Two processing cores deliver superior performance when multitasking several applications at once.
Fortify your defences
The Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor comes with built-in Execute Disable Bit technology, which helps keep your notebook safe from viruses, worms, and other malicious attacks.
Less energy consumption
Chipset advancements provide increased energy efficiency with less drain and longer battery life.
Self-adjusting frequency
Intel SpeedStep® technology allows your system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency to decrease power consumption and heat production.
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor
Do more of everything at once
Experience revolutionary computing powered by four cores of pure performance.
Empower your need for speed
Encode HD video over 50 percent faster with Intel® HD Boost built into Intel® Core™2 Quad processor.‡1
Edit, alter and create faster
Run a multitude of demanding HD multimedia applications with up to 12 percent more speed for photo editing, retouching, and publishing.‡2
Prepare for the future
Enjoy performance in the games and software of today - while being prepared to run the multi-threaded applications of tomorrow
Experience revolutionary computing powered by four cores of pure performance.
Empower your need for speed
Encode HD video over 50 percent faster with Intel® HD Boost built into Intel® Core™2 Quad processor.‡1
Edit, alter and create faster
Run a multitude of demanding HD multimedia applications with up to 12 percent more speed for photo editing, retouching, and publishing.‡2
Prepare for the future
Enjoy performance in the games and software of today - while being prepared to run the multi-threaded applications of tomorrow
Intel® Celeron® Processor
Enjoy the quiet
Intel® Celeron® processors’ single-core and dual-core processing creates less heat within your machine, which means less fan noise for quieter computing.
Energy-efficient dual-core
The Intel Celeron dual-core processor delivers energy-efficient dual-core performance.
Fortify your defences
The Intel Celeron processor comes with built-in Execute Disable Bit technology, which helps keep your notebook safe from viruses, worms and other malicious attacks.
Feel confident
Intel has a proven track record as the leading manufacturer of computer processors for over 30 years.
Intel® Celeron® processors’ single-core and dual-core processing creates less heat within your machine, which means less fan noise for quieter computing.
Energy-efficient dual-core
The Intel Celeron dual-core processor delivers energy-efficient dual-core performance.
Fortify your defences
The Intel Celeron processor comes with built-in Execute Disable Bit technology, which helps keep your notebook safe from viruses, worms and other malicious attacks.
Feel confident
Intel has a proven track record as the leading manufacturer of computer processors for over 30 years.
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Mobile Processor
Quad-core brings desktop performance to your notebook
The world’s highest performing quad-core mobile processor provides the extreme levels of processing power you need to run multiple, highly-threaded applications simultaneously.‡1
• Compared to its dual-core version, the quad-core delivers up to 50% faster HD video editing‡3 and encoding‡4.
• Accelerate your multimedia applications and 3D gaming with up to 2.53 GHz clock speed, 1066 MHz Front Side Bus, and 12MB shared L2 cache.
Dual-core delivers for gamers
The world’s highest performing dual-core mobile processor delivers revolutionary performance levels for extreme gaming and multimedia.‡2
• Experience the most intense 3D on leading multi-threaded games and enjoy up to 3.06 GHz clock speed, 1066 MHz Front Side Bus, and 6MB shared L2 cache.
• Get optimum performance while extending your battery life with notebook-friendly 44W TDP and advanced power-management features.
Almost too real
Get accelerated, ultra-realistic game physics and artificial intelligence for a gaming experience that’s second to none. With smoother action and more realism, you’ll be able to get the most out of today’s super-complex games and applications in HD.
Take control
With overspeed protection removed, you can tune your system for maximum performance and go where no gamer has gone before.Δ
The world’s highest performing quad-core mobile processor provides the extreme levels of processing power you need to run multiple, highly-threaded applications simultaneously.‡1
• Compared to its dual-core version, the quad-core delivers up to 50% faster HD video editing‡3 and encoding‡4.
• Accelerate your multimedia applications and 3D gaming with up to 2.53 GHz clock speed, 1066 MHz Front Side Bus, and 12MB shared L2 cache.
Dual-core delivers for gamers
The world’s highest performing dual-core mobile processor delivers revolutionary performance levels for extreme gaming and multimedia.‡2
• Experience the most intense 3D on leading multi-threaded games and enjoy up to 3.06 GHz clock speed, 1066 MHz Front Side Bus, and 6MB shared L2 cache.
• Get optimum performance while extending your battery life with notebook-friendly 44W TDP and advanced power-management features.
Almost too real
Get accelerated, ultra-realistic game physics and artificial intelligence for a gaming experience that’s second to none. With smoother action and more realism, you’ll be able to get the most out of today’s super-complex games and applications in HD.
Take control
With overspeed protection removed, you can tune your system for maximum performance and go where no gamer has gone before.Δ
Intel® Centrino® Atom™ Processor Technology
The performance you want
Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology enables the performance needed for great video streaming/playback and graphics on a mobile device. You have plenty of power to surf the Internet, keep-in-touch on IM or voice-over-IP, and enjoy your favorite entertainment on one device, on-the-go.
Long battery life keeps you going
Featuring an energy-efficient Intel® Atom™ processor with Deep Power Down Technology, Mobile Internet Devices can provide hours of operation between charges to keep up with your mobile lifestyle.
Find connections when you need them
Connect wirelessly where and when you want—at home, around town and around the world. Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology features wireless connectivity built-in, so you’ll have the option to stay connected where service is available.Δ
Access location-based information
With a GPS-enabled Mobile Internet Device based on Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology, and appropriate software and services, you can get directions and personalised information based on your location, like nearest restaurant and reviews, homes for sale, and locations of your friends.Σ
Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology enables the performance needed for great video streaming/playback and graphics on a mobile device. You have plenty of power to surf the Internet, keep-in-touch on IM or voice-over-IP, and enjoy your favorite entertainment on one device, on-the-go.
Long battery life keeps you going
Featuring an energy-efficient Intel® Atom™ processor with Deep Power Down Technology, Mobile Internet Devices can provide hours of operation between charges to keep up with your mobile lifestyle.
Find connections when you need them
Connect wirelessly where and when you want—at home, around town and around the world. Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology features wireless connectivity built-in, so you’ll have the option to stay connected where service is available.Δ
Access location-based information
With a GPS-enabled Mobile Internet Device based on Intel® Centrino® Atom™ processor technology, and appropriate software and services, you can get directions and personalised information based on your location, like nearest restaurant and reviews, homes for sale, and locations of your friends.Σ
Intel® Centrino® 2 Processor Technology
Key Features
Unsurpassed mobile computing performance
Get performance that meets the processing needs of the most demanding multitasker, whether you’re editing photos, watching HD video, or gaming. With a minimum of 3MB Smart Cache and 1066MHz Front Side Bus, Intel® Centrino® 2 processor technology delivers performance gains of up to 50 percent.‡1 No more waiting for your notebook to catch up!
Break free with longer battery life
To keep you unplugged longer, we’ve incorporated Deep Power Down and other energy-efficient capabilities into Intel Centrino 2 processor technology. So you won’t need to search for power outlets at every stop along your travels.
Like you’ve never seen or heard before
With HD video and audio decoding, you can access and enjoy more exciting media content than ever while on-the-go.
The future of wireless – today
Operate wirelessly with up to five times better wireless performance, including faster Web browsing, file transfers and rich media downloads.Δ2 Go from office to park bench to café and back home again without missing an online minute.
Enhanced digital media experience
With Intel® Graphics Technology, you’re choosing a smarter, integrated solution for your visual needs. You’ll experience the hottest media in razor-sharp 1080p HD with crystal-clear images and brilliant color.λ And you’ll enjoy more than three times better graphics performance for a rich, realistic and immersive experience while you’re gaming or watching video.‡3
Go thinner and lighter and still enjoy every feature of a standard size Intel Centrino 2-based notebook.
Intel helps puts lighter, sleeker notebooks at your fingertips. How? By making their powerful Intel Centrino 2 processor technology 50 percent smaller.Δ4 So go thin and unplug with Intel’s smallest Centrino 2 processor technology.
Unsurpassed mobile computing performance
Get performance that meets the processing needs of the most demanding multitasker, whether you’re editing photos, watching HD video, or gaming. With a minimum of 3MB Smart Cache and 1066MHz Front Side Bus, Intel® Centrino® 2 processor technology delivers performance gains of up to 50 percent.‡1 No more waiting for your notebook to catch up!
Break free with longer battery life
To keep you unplugged longer, we’ve incorporated Deep Power Down and other energy-efficient capabilities into Intel Centrino 2 processor technology. So you won’t need to search for power outlets at every stop along your travels.
Like you’ve never seen or heard before
With HD video and audio decoding, you can access and enjoy more exciting media content than ever while on-the-go.
The future of wireless – today
Operate wirelessly with up to five times better wireless performance, including faster Web browsing, file transfers and rich media downloads.Δ2 Go from office to park bench to café and back home again without missing an online minute.
Enhanced digital media experience
With Intel® Graphics Technology, you’re choosing a smarter, integrated solution for your visual needs. You’ll experience the hottest media in razor-sharp 1080p HD with crystal-clear images and brilliant color.λ And you’ll enjoy more than three times better graphics performance for a rich, realistic and immersive experience while you’re gaming or watching video.‡3
Go thinner and lighter and still enjoy every feature of a standard size Intel Centrino 2-based notebook.
Intel helps puts lighter, sleeker notebooks at your fingertips. How? By making their powerful Intel Centrino 2 processor technology 50 percent smaller.Δ4 So go thin and unplug with Intel’s smallest Centrino 2 processor technology.
Tuesday, September 23, 2008
Write A Batch File To Start Program In Startup
You can start your computer applications automatically and control the sequence of the programs when your computer comes up.
Here we consider you want to run three different applications (WordPad, calculator, and notepad) and minimized automatically with sequence at windows startup. However, you can write a batch file to do the job for you. Open any text editor like notepad and type the following command.
start /min wordpad.exe start /min calc.exe start /min notepad.exe
Now choose the option, Save As to save this file with .bat extension. For example filename.bat.
Now Right- click on Start button and choose open > Double click Programs > here open Startup folder. Now drag your .bat file in the Startup folder and close the dialog box.
Next time When you restart the computer, WordPad, Calc will start first and then Notepad. You won't see the batch file run because you told it to run minimized.
Here we consider you want to run three different applications (WordPad, calculator, and notepad) and minimized automatically with sequence at windows startup. However, you can write a batch file to do the job for you. Open any text editor like notepad and type the following command.
start /min wordpad.exe start /min calc.exe start /min notepad.exe
Now choose the option, Save As to save this file with .bat extension. For example filename.bat.
Now Right- click on Start button and choose open > Double click Programs > here open Startup folder. Now drag your .bat file in the Startup folder and close the dialog box.
Next time When you restart the computer, WordPad, Calc will start first and then Notepad. You won't see the batch file run because you told it to run minimized.
How to increase your Laptop Battery's Life?
Follow the few steps to increase the laptop battery's life:
* Lower the backlighting on your screen. :
The screen of your Laptop takes up significant amount of power and you do not require its maximum brightness. You should have to check your system and decrease the screen brightness it to a comfortable point.
* Stop your wireless signal when you are not using. :
After turning off your Laptop can save max. 20 minutes of your laptop's battery time because WiFi can use a considerable quantity of power. By right clicking you can stop your WiFi signal when you are not using.
* Manage the correct power scheme in XP:
Windows XP contain a number of predetermined power plans, which control settings like how rapidly your laptop turns off and when your screen saver boots in. You can change your laptop power scheme by choosing Control Panel > Power Options. For max. Battery life from the "Power scheme" chooses the option "Max. Battery" and decline the list. There are good choices for you just like "Low Power Mode" and Portable /Laptop. They don't conserve as much power as Max Battery. After selecting a power scheme you click Ok button to finish the process.
* Lower the backlighting on your screen. :
The screen of your Laptop takes up significant amount of power and you do not require its maximum brightness. You should have to check your system and decrease the screen brightness it to a comfortable point.
* Stop your wireless signal when you are not using. :
After turning off your Laptop can save max. 20 minutes of your laptop's battery time because WiFi can use a considerable quantity of power. By right clicking you can stop your WiFi signal when you are not using.
* Manage the correct power scheme in XP:
Windows XP contain a number of predetermined power plans, which control settings like how rapidly your laptop turns off and when your screen saver boots in. You can change your laptop power scheme by choosing Control Panel > Power Options. For max. Battery life from the "Power scheme" chooses the option "Max. Battery" and decline the list. There are good choices for you just like "Low Power Mode" and Portable /Laptop. They don't conserve as much power as Max Battery. After selecting a power scheme you click Ok button to finish the process.
How to login with multiple ID's at the same time in Yahoo messenger?
If you have multiple yahoo ID's and wants to login with more than one yahoo ID at the same time then don't worry, you can login with more than one yahoo ID at the same time using this tip. There is no need to install any other yahoo multi messenger version, you can easily covert your normal yahoo messenger into multi messenger and enjoy your many ID's at the same time.
Follow the given steps to change the yahoo messenger registry value:
* Click Start button and type regedit in Run option then press Enter for next.
* Here locate the location to:
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Yahoo/Pager/Test
* Here in right side panel, right click to create a new Dword value with name Plural and give it value 1.
* Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.
For signing in with new YAHOO ID open another messenger open as many messengers you need.
If you want to disable the multiple messenger option then again open registry editor and change Plural value 1 to 0.
Follow the given steps to change the yahoo messenger registry value:
* Click Start button and type regedit in Run option then press Enter for next.
* Here locate the location to:
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Yahoo/Pager/Test
* Here in right side panel, right click to create a new Dword value with name Plural and give it value 1.
* Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.
For signing in with new YAHOO ID open another messenger open as many messengers you need.
If you want to disable the multiple messenger option then again open registry editor and change Plural value 1 to 0.
How to secure your password from hackers attacks?
* tip will help you to secure your computer from the access of professional hackers. There are some hacker’s breaks into your computer without using any impressive programming skills but trying to find words to guess as your password. Normally people use their name, house number, mobile number and word “password” as a password. If you have very simple password then a hacker can hack your computer very easily. To safe your computer from hackers there is a best way to create a tricky password. Here I will tell you some different type of tricks to make your password that can’t guess easily by any body.
Use the maximum characters in your password.
Always set the password using maximum characters length, because it is simple method, if your password is longer then it is very difficult to guess.
Use the combination of lower-case and upper case letters in your password.
Normally computer users use the lower case in password selection but it is best practice to use the combination of both (lower-case and upper case). So using different cases in your password makes it much more difficult to crack.
Avoid using the name of your family members as password.
Always try to avoid the name of your child, spouse, city and country name as password, because if any body knows about your personal life’s details then they try to use these detail to guess your password.
Use any tools to create random password.
There are many third party tools are available to create the random password. You can create passwords containing a very difficult –to-guess collection of random characters with these tools.
Use the maximum characters in your password.
Always set the password using maximum characters length, because it is simple method, if your password is longer then it is very difficult to guess.
Use the combination of lower-case and upper case letters in your password.
Normally computer users use the lower case in password selection but it is best practice to use the combination of both (lower-case and upper case). So using different cases in your password makes it much more difficult to crack.
Avoid using the name of your family members as password.
Always try to avoid the name of your child, spouse, city and country name as password, because if any body knows about your personal life’s details then they try to use these detail to guess your password.
Use any tools to create random password.
There are many third party tools are available to create the random password. You can create passwords containing a very difficult –to-guess collection of random characters with these tools.
Friday, August 29, 2008
TIPS-8
Troubleshooting Techniques:
The primary requirement for troubleshooting is to be methodical. Don’t panic, don’t rush. Being patient and methodical is better than being quick and sorry. Whatever the problem, the first step is to develop an understanding of what are the possible causes. Using a notepad and pencil (or pen) is helpful. First, note down the symptom. The symptom is what you see happening, not what you think may be happening. Once you know the symptom, the next step is to identify the possible problems that might be the cause for this symptom. Some symptoms may be caused by a single problem. Usually, you will not be so lucky. Most symptoms can be caused by one or more problems. Isolate the sub-systems (this guide covers all the major sub-systems) that may be causing the problem. Then investigate each sub-system and eliminate them from the possible problem checklist. Look at the example troubleshooting table below to give you an idea on how you can approach the exercise:
The primary requirement for troubleshooting is to be methodical. Don’t panic, don’t rush. Being patient and methodical is better than being quick and sorry. Whatever the problem, the first step is to develop an understanding of what are the possible causes. Using a notepad and pencil (or pen) is helpful. First, note down the symptom. The symptom is what you see happening, not what you think may be happening. Once you know the symptom, the next step is to identify the possible problems that might be the cause for this symptom. Some symptoms may be caused by a single problem. Usually, you will not be so lucky. Most symptoms can be caused by one or more problems. Isolate the sub-systems (this guide covers all the major sub-systems) that may be causing the problem. Then investigate each sub-system and eliminate them from the possible problem checklist. Look at the example troubleshooting table below to give you an idea on how you can approach the exercise:
TIPS:7
Security – All you should know about Viruses, Trojans, Spy ware, Firewalls etc. :
As computers become more and more integrated into our lives, we end up leaving a lot of sensitive information on our PCs—from passwords, e-mail IDs (even official e-mail IDs) and bank accounts to personal diaries and notes, business plans (or worse still, tender bids), confidential documents, a log of surfing habits (which can be viewed out of context), a backup of phone SMSes, and much more.
Then there is another risk, especially when you are online—viruses and spyware.Floppies / CD / DVD-ROMs / External Storage DevicesFloppies have been the most common means of virus infection (especially if an infected file was used to boot the computer) during the time when they were common. Most viruses of that time infected the boot sector and occupied some of the 640 KB of memory that was used by DOS. Some notorious ones could delete files with certain extensions on a particular date. For some strange reason, the dates in most cases would be the 26th or 28th of a month.The InternetThe most common of online irritants is spam e-mail. The other common annoyance, which can also bring down your PC, is spyware / adware.Securing The Desktopa)
To ensure that the security update or patch is applied as soon as it is available, turn on Automatic Updates. To do that, open the Control Panel, click on System, and select the A u t o m a t i c Updates tab.b)
NTFS is the recommended file system for Windows XP. It gives better access control protection for files and folders as compared to the FAT family of file systems.c) To turn off Simple File Sharing, open My Computer, go to Tools > Options, select the View tab, go to Advanced Settings, and clear the “Use Simple File Sharing (Recommended)” checkbox.d)
Assign user accounts and passwords to all regular users of your computer. Individual user accounts not only enables Windows XP to personalise settings for each user.e)
If your computer is a standalone system that only connects to the Internet, you should disable / turn off the guest account—just so people you haven’t given out your password to won’t be able to access your computer.f)
You can control the software that can be run on your computer by configuring the Software Restrictions Policies in the Local Security Policy (Control Panel > Administrative Tools).Free Anti-virus softwaresa)
Avira AntiVir PersonalEdition Classic Web site: www.free-av.com/index.htmMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98 or higher, NT orhigher (not Server), 128 MB RAM for Windows 98/ME/NT, 196 MBRAM for Windows XP, IE 5.0b) avast! 4.7 Home EditionWeb site: www.avast.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/x64(not Server), 64 MB RAM for Windows
2000/XP, 50 MB of hard diskspace, IE 4c)
AVG Anti-virus Free EditionWeb site: http://free.grisoft.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/XP/NT/2000, 32MB RAM, 20 MB hard drive space, IE 5.01d)
eScan Internet SecurityWeb site: www.mwti.netMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP, 64 MBRAM, 50 MB free hard disk space.e)
McAfee Internet Security SuiteWeb site: www.nai.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 133 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 100 MB hard drive spacef)
Norton Internet SecurityWeb site: www.symantec.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 300 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 40 MB hard drive spaceg)
Quick Heal Anti-virusWeb site: www.quickheal.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/2003/XP, Pentium 133 MHz, 32 MB RAM, 40 MB hard drive spaceh)
Trend Micro PC-cillin Internet SecurityWeb site: www.trendmicro.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 233 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 100 MB of free hard drive spacei)
ZoneAlarm Anti-VirusWeb site: www.zonelabs.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 2000/XP, Pentium III450 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 50 MB of free hard drive space
As computers become more and more integrated into our lives, we end up leaving a lot of sensitive information on our PCs—from passwords, e-mail IDs (even official e-mail IDs) and bank accounts to personal diaries and notes, business plans (or worse still, tender bids), confidential documents, a log of surfing habits (which can be viewed out of context), a backup of phone SMSes, and much more.
Then there is another risk, especially when you are online—viruses and spyware.Floppies / CD / DVD-ROMs / External Storage DevicesFloppies have been the most common means of virus infection (especially if an infected file was used to boot the computer) during the time when they were common. Most viruses of that time infected the boot sector and occupied some of the 640 KB of memory that was used by DOS. Some notorious ones could delete files with certain extensions on a particular date. For some strange reason, the dates in most cases would be the 26th or 28th of a month.The InternetThe most common of online irritants is spam e-mail. The other common annoyance, which can also bring down your PC, is spyware / adware.Securing The Desktopa)
To ensure that the security update or patch is applied as soon as it is available, turn on Automatic Updates. To do that, open the Control Panel, click on System, and select the A u t o m a t i c Updates tab.b)
NTFS is the recommended file system for Windows XP. It gives better access control protection for files and folders as compared to the FAT family of file systems.c) To turn off Simple File Sharing, open My Computer, go to Tools > Options, select the View tab, go to Advanced Settings, and clear the “Use Simple File Sharing (Recommended)” checkbox.d)
Assign user accounts and passwords to all regular users of your computer. Individual user accounts not only enables Windows XP to personalise settings for each user.e)
If your computer is a standalone system that only connects to the Internet, you should disable / turn off the guest account—just so people you haven’t given out your password to won’t be able to access your computer.f)
You can control the software that can be run on your computer by configuring the Software Restrictions Policies in the Local Security Policy (Control Panel > Administrative Tools).Free Anti-virus softwaresa)
Avira AntiVir PersonalEdition Classic Web site: www.free-av.com/index.htmMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98 or higher, NT orhigher (not Server), 128 MB RAM for Windows 98/ME/NT, 196 MBRAM for Windows XP, IE 5.0b) avast! 4.7 Home EditionWeb site: www.avast.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/x64(not Server), 64 MB RAM for Windows
2000/XP, 50 MB of hard diskspace, IE 4c)
AVG Anti-virus Free EditionWeb site: http://free.grisoft.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/XP/NT/2000, 32MB RAM, 20 MB hard drive space, IE 5.01d)
eScan Internet SecurityWeb site: www.mwti.netMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP, 64 MBRAM, 50 MB free hard disk space.e)
McAfee Internet Security SuiteWeb site: www.nai.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 133 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 100 MB hard drive spacef)
Norton Internet SecurityWeb site: www.symantec.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 300 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 40 MB hard drive spaceg)
Quick Heal Anti-virusWeb site: www.quickheal.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/2003/XP, Pentium 133 MHz, 32 MB RAM, 40 MB hard drive spaceh)
Trend Micro PC-cillin Internet SecurityWeb site: www.trendmicro.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP,Pentium 233 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 100 MB of free hard drive spacei)
ZoneAlarm Anti-VirusWeb site: www.zonelabs.comMinimum System Requirements: Windows 2000/XP, Pentium III450 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 50 MB of free hard drive space
TIPS:6
I CORE HARDWARE:
HSFShort for Heat Sink Fan unit, this refers to the aluminium block and fan unit placed over the CPU to aid in dissipation of heat. While most stock HSF units are made of aluminium and use a fan, fancier cooling solutions made of copper and using liquid coolants are also available.
Overclocking:
Overclocking refers to the art of making a computer component perform at levels exceeding those set by the manufacturer. Components like the CPU, RAM, and graphics cards can be overclocked.
HyperThreading:
This was a technology used by Intel to improve CPU utilisation by splitting a processing workload into parallel threads. Thanks to HyperThreading, the CPU appeared to the OS as multi-core. To make use of this feature, it was essential that the OS and motherboard supported it.
TDP:
Design Profile refers to the average energy (expressed in watts) in the form of heat that the HSF has to dissipate from the CPU. This can be taken as a rule-of-thumb measure of the energy consumed by the CPU.
CORE HARDWARE:
ICode-namesCPU manufacturers use a code-name for a CPU during its development. Once the product is launched, it gets a formal name, which is the name of the current product family.
HSFShort for Heat Sink Fan unit, this refers to the aluminium block and fan unit placed over the CPU to aid in dissipation of heat. While most stock HSF units are made of aluminium and use a fan, fancier cooling solutions made of copper and using liquid coolants are also available.
Overclocking:
Overclocking refers to the art of making a computer component perform at levels exceeding those set by the manufacturer. Components like the CPU, RAM, and graphics cards can be overclocked.
HyperThreading:
This was a technology used by Intel to improve CPU utilisation by splitting a processing workload into parallel threads. Thanks to HyperThreading, the CPU appeared to the OS as multi-core. To make use of this feature, it was essential that the OS and motherboard supported it.
TDP:
Design Profile refers to the average energy (expressed in watts) in the form of heat that the HSF has to dissipate from the CPU. This can be taken as a rule-of-thumb measure of the energy consumed by the CPU.
CORE HARDWARE:
ICode-namesCPU manufacturers use a code-name for a CPU during its development. Once the product is launched, it gets a formal name, which is the name of the current product family.
TIPS-5
"Processor32-bit / 64-bit CPU":
32/64-bit" refers to the width of the address bus and registers used by the CPU core. A 64-bit CPU has a 64-bit wide address bus and 64- bit wide registers. CPUs access data in the RAM by using the address bus. The breadth of the bus influences the amount of RAM that can be addressed. A 32-bit bus allows a maximum of 4 GB of RAM to be accessed.
BGAA Ball :
Grid Array (BGA) package is similar to a PGA package, except that the role of the pins is taken over by small balls of conductive material. The advantage is that unlike pins, the conductors are not easily bent. Unfortunately, BGA CPUs are soldered right onto the motherboard, and users cannot replace them. This form of packaging is seen in some embedded CPUs like those from VIA.
Cache memory:
The memory is used to store frequently-used data so that the CPU doesn't have to wait for the data to be fetched from other, slower storage areas like the system RAM or hard disk. This temporary storage is referred to as the cache. Unlike system RAM, cache is made of more expensive Static RAM, which does not require refreshing.
Cool 'n' Quiet :
Speed StepThese refer to the power management schemes used by AMD and Intel respectively. This allows the CPU to conserve energy by altering its speed according to the processing load. At slower speeds, the power consumption is decreased.
Fabrication process:
This term is used to refer to the smallest distance between two components in the CPU. All CPUs contain miniature circuits etched on a silicon chip. The latest Intel CPUs use a 45-nanometre process.
FPU:
Floating Point Unit; a sub-unit of the CPU core. The CPU is made up of different functional sub-units. There is the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit), the FPU, Registers (temporary storage areas), and the caches.
FSB:
The Front Side Bus is the data channel between the CPU and the system RAM. In turn, the Back Side Bus refers to the link between the CPU and the cache memory within the CPU die itself. The FSB frequency is the speed at which the bus operates, and is an indicator of the number of times the CPU interacts with the rest of the system. Usually, the CPU itself works much faster than the FSB (see Multiplier).
Multi-core :
CPUsMany present CPUs are multi-core, meaning that there exist more than one computational unit on the same CPU. This allows for better performance when dealing with several jobs simultaneously. Both the major manufacturers offer quad-core CPUs.
Multiplier:
Originally, all the components on a system operated at the same frequency. But with improvements in technology, the rest of the system became a bottleneck to the CPU achieving its full potential. This problem was solved by allowing the CPU to operate multiple cycles for every cycle that the system operated. This factor is called the Multiplier. Earlier it was possible for the user to set the multiplier using switches on the motherboard, but now, except for the high-end CPUs, most CPUs come with a set multiplier.
Package types:
Every CPU is packaged to ensure that its core components are protected, while allowing connection with the motherboard. Package types seen in current CPUs include PGA, BGA, and LGA.
Pipelining:
This refers to the internal data processing pathways of a CPU. The CPU processes data through different stages, like Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store. By Pipelining, it becomes possible to perform these stages independently and on different bits of data. This allows for more efficient use of CPU cycles.
32/64-bit" refers to the width of the address bus and registers used by the CPU core. A 64-bit CPU has a 64-bit wide address bus and 64- bit wide registers. CPUs access data in the RAM by using the address bus. The breadth of the bus influences the amount of RAM that can be addressed. A 32-bit bus allows a maximum of 4 GB of RAM to be accessed.
BGAA Ball :
Grid Array (BGA) package is similar to a PGA package, except that the role of the pins is taken over by small balls of conductive material. The advantage is that unlike pins, the conductors are not easily bent. Unfortunately, BGA CPUs are soldered right onto the motherboard, and users cannot replace them. This form of packaging is seen in some embedded CPUs like those from VIA.
Cache memory:
The memory is used to store frequently-used data so that the CPU doesn't have to wait for the data to be fetched from other, slower storage areas like the system RAM or hard disk. This temporary storage is referred to as the cache. Unlike system RAM, cache is made of more expensive Static RAM, which does not require refreshing.
Cool 'n' Quiet :
Speed StepThese refer to the power management schemes used by AMD and Intel respectively. This allows the CPU to conserve energy by altering its speed according to the processing load. At slower speeds, the power consumption is decreased.
Fabrication process:
This term is used to refer to the smallest distance between two components in the CPU. All CPUs contain miniature circuits etched on a silicon chip. The latest Intel CPUs use a 45-nanometre process.
FPU:
Floating Point Unit; a sub-unit of the CPU core. The CPU is made up of different functional sub-units. There is the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit), the FPU, Registers (temporary storage areas), and the caches.
FSB:
The Front Side Bus is the data channel between the CPU and the system RAM. In turn, the Back Side Bus refers to the link between the CPU and the cache memory within the CPU die itself. The FSB frequency is the speed at which the bus operates, and is an indicator of the number of times the CPU interacts with the rest of the system. Usually, the CPU itself works much faster than the FSB (see Multiplier).
Multi-core :
CPUsMany present CPUs are multi-core, meaning that there exist more than one computational unit on the same CPU. This allows for better performance when dealing with several jobs simultaneously. Both the major manufacturers offer quad-core CPUs.
Multiplier:
Originally, all the components on a system operated at the same frequency. But with improvements in technology, the rest of the system became a bottleneck to the CPU achieving its full potential. This problem was solved by allowing the CPU to operate multiple cycles for every cycle that the system operated. This factor is called the Multiplier. Earlier it was possible for the user to set the multiplier using switches on the motherboard, but now, except for the high-end CPUs, most CPUs come with a set multiplier.
Package types:
Every CPU is packaged to ensure that its core components are protected, while allowing connection with the motherboard. Package types seen in current CPUs include PGA, BGA, and LGA.
Pipelining:
This refers to the internal data processing pathways of a CPU. The CPU processes data through different stages, like Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store. By Pipelining, it becomes possible to perform these stages independently and on different bits of data. This allows for more efficient use of CPU cycles.
TIPS-4
Socket:
The motherboard carries the interface to connect the CPU. This is referred to as a Socket. There are many socket types, with no clear naming scheme, though most are named after the number of pin sockets they contain.
USB ports:
USB ports are ubiquitous, with many newer motherboards offering up to 10 USB connections. USB is available in two common versions - version 1.1, which has a maximum data transfer rate of 12 Megabits per second, and version 2, which tops out at 480 Megabits per second.
RAM:
RAM is short for Random Access Memory. In common parlance, RAM refers to system memory, the temporary storage area that holds all the data that the CPU is working on.
CAS:
To be able to access data from a particular storage area in RAM, the RAS and CAS procedures are needed to provide the address of the storage area. The RAM is organised as an array of storage areas. Each storage area can therefore be uniquely identified by the number of the row and the number of the column that intersect at that position. Row Access Strobe (RAS) is the process of identifying the row from which data needs to be read. This step precedes CAS. Column Access Strobe is the process of identifying the column from which data is to be accessed.
DDR2 SDRAM:
An evolution of DDR SDRAM, DDR2 allows four data transfers per clock cycle, by clocking the internal bus at twice the speed of the memory clock. Therefore the effective frequency of the memory becomes 4 times its actual frequency. A DDR2 800 module operates at 200 MHz. As in the case of DDR SDRAM, the alternate notation relying on the maximum data transfer speeds is also used. PC2 3200 refers to DDR2 400.
DDR3 SDRAM:
This is the latest iteration of SDRAM, and increases the internal bus speed to 8 times the memory clock, effectively operating at 8 times the frequency. DDR3 800 operates at 100 MHz and is also referred to as PC3 6400.
ECC RAM:
An Error Correction Code (ECC) RAM module is a special type of module that includes additional components to verify the integrity of data stored in or transferred by system RAM. This is needed in critical systems that require high levels of data integrity, like servers.
SD RAM:
Synchronous Dynamic RAM was an improved version of DRAM that synchronised all its functions to a single frequency, usually the system's FSB frequency.
BUS Direct RAM was based on a technology developed by RAMBUS. Unlike SDRAM, it used a serial mode of data transfer, and though the technology was considered superior to DDR SDRAM, it's expensiveness made it unpopular. RDRAM modules are called RIMMs.
SD RAM:
Synchronous Dynamic RAM was an improved version of DRAM that synchronised all its functions to a single frequency, usually the system's FSB frequency.
The motherboard carries the interface to connect the CPU. This is referred to as a Socket. There are many socket types, with no clear naming scheme, though most are named after the number of pin sockets they contain.
USB ports:
USB ports are ubiquitous, with many newer motherboards offering up to 10 USB connections. USB is available in two common versions - version 1.1, which has a maximum data transfer rate of 12 Megabits per second, and version 2, which tops out at 480 Megabits per second.
RAM:
RAM is short for Random Access Memory. In common parlance, RAM refers to system memory, the temporary storage area that holds all the data that the CPU is working on.
CAS:
To be able to access data from a particular storage area in RAM, the RAS and CAS procedures are needed to provide the address of the storage area. The RAM is organised as an array of storage areas. Each storage area can therefore be uniquely identified by the number of the row and the number of the column that intersect at that position. Row Access Strobe (RAS) is the process of identifying the row from which data needs to be read. This step precedes CAS. Column Access Strobe is the process of identifying the column from which data is to be accessed.
DDR2 SDRAM:
An evolution of DDR SDRAM, DDR2 allows four data transfers per clock cycle, by clocking the internal bus at twice the speed of the memory clock. Therefore the effective frequency of the memory becomes 4 times its actual frequency. A DDR2 800 module operates at 200 MHz. As in the case of DDR SDRAM, the alternate notation relying on the maximum data transfer speeds is also used. PC2 3200 refers to DDR2 400.
DDR3 SDRAM:
This is the latest iteration of SDRAM, and increases the internal bus speed to 8 times the memory clock, effectively operating at 8 times the frequency. DDR3 800 operates at 100 MHz and is also referred to as PC3 6400.
ECC RAM:
An Error Correction Code (ECC) RAM module is a special type of module that includes additional components to verify the integrity of data stored in or transferred by system RAM. This is needed in critical systems that require high levels of data integrity, like servers.
SD RAM:
Synchronous Dynamic RAM was an improved version of DRAM that synchronised all its functions to a single frequency, usually the system's FSB frequency.
BUS Direct RAM was based on a technology developed by RAMBUS. Unlike SDRAM, it used a serial mode of data transfer, and though the technology was considered superior to DDR SDRAM, it's expensiveness made it unpopular. RDRAM modules are called RIMMs.
SD RAM:
Synchronous Dynamic RAM was an improved version of DRAM that synchronised all its functions to a single frequency, usually the system's FSB frequency.
TIPS-3
PCB (Printed Circuit Board):
The foundation of every electronic device is the board on which every component is connected. The PCB consists of minute conductors, usually of copper, seen as fine lines criss-crossing the surface, mounted on an insulated substrate. The minute pathways actually carry data signals or power between the various components that are eventually soldered on the PCB. PCBs come in various sizes and shapes, and besides the motherboard, are also seen in expansion cards (sound cards, graphics cards, etc.) and RAM modules.
PCI:
Peripheral Component Interconnect is still widely seen in motherboards, though it is older than AGP. The wide availability of PCI cards is one reason for this. This bus is 32 bits wide and operates at 33 MHz, and has a maximum data transfer speed of 132 Megabytes per second. This bandwidth is divided between all slots and also the storage devices, like the hard disks.
PCIE (PCI-Express):
PCI-Express is the latest type of expansion slot. Unlike the AGP and PCI buses which transfer data in a parallel fashion, PCIE offers serial data transfer. It is designed to be a point-to-point bus, and so it is not shared by other components.
Ports:
Every motherboard offers a plethora of ports on its back panel. The most commonly seen ports on today's PCs are PS2, USB, VGA, LAN, Serial, and Audio Sockets.
PS2 port:
The PS2 port is used to connect PS2-compatible keyboard and mouse. The violet-coloured port is usually for the keyboard, and the green one is for the mouse.
RAM slots:
These refer to the interface to connect RAM modules. Memory is organised in the form of banks, with one or more slots constituting a bank. Each bank has a dedicated channel to the memory controller.
Serial port:
DB 9 or Serial port is a 9-pin port that transfers data serially. It is increasingly being left out from the back panel in favour of faster ports like USB. It is used today mostly for external modems.
The foundation of every electronic device is the board on which every component is connected. The PCB consists of minute conductors, usually of copper, seen as fine lines criss-crossing the surface, mounted on an insulated substrate. The minute pathways actually carry data signals or power between the various components that are eventually soldered on the PCB. PCBs come in various sizes and shapes, and besides the motherboard, are also seen in expansion cards (sound cards, graphics cards, etc.) and RAM modules.
PCI:
Peripheral Component Interconnect is still widely seen in motherboards, though it is older than AGP. The wide availability of PCI cards is one reason for this. This bus is 32 bits wide and operates at 33 MHz, and has a maximum data transfer speed of 132 Megabytes per second. This bandwidth is divided between all slots and also the storage devices, like the hard disks.
PCIE (PCI-Express):
PCI-Express is the latest type of expansion slot. Unlike the AGP and PCI buses which transfer data in a parallel fashion, PCIE offers serial data transfer. It is designed to be a point-to-point bus, and so it is not shared by other components.
Ports:
Every motherboard offers a plethora of ports on its back panel. The most commonly seen ports on today's PCs are PS2, USB, VGA, LAN, Serial, and Audio Sockets.
PS2 port:
The PS2 port is used to connect PS2-compatible keyboard and mouse. The violet-coloured port is usually for the keyboard, and the green one is for the mouse.
RAM slots:
These refer to the interface to connect RAM modules. Memory is organised in the form of banks, with one or more slots constituting a bank. Each bank has a dedicated channel to the memory controller.
Serial port:
DB 9 or Serial port is a 9-pin port that transfers data serially. It is increasingly being left out from the back panel in favour of faster ports like USB. It is used today mostly for external modems.
TIPS-2
Display port:
The 15-pin, mini DB 15 port, also called the VGA / Display port is used to connect an analogue monitor. With LCD monitors becoming popular, the DVI (Digital Video Interface) port is also frequently seen.
Expansion slots:
Earlier motherboards rarely offered additional functionality besides offering a place for the CPU and RAM to be plugged in. The capability of the system had to be "expanded" with the use of external cards that carried the additional circuitry to fulfil the function. Additional circuitry usually included hard disk controllers,display adapters, sound system, etc.,
FireWire :
portFireWire ports are not as common as USB, but do make an occasional appearance on the back panel. FireWire exists in two versions: FireWire 400, which offers a maximum data transfer rate of 400 Mbps, and FireWire 800, which offers double that.
Form Factor:
This is a name to denote the specifications of a motherboard - like dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc. The most commonly-used motherboards are ofthe ATX or Micro ATX form factor, which are used for Desktop systems.
Jumpers:
These refer to the open contacts on the motherboard that can be used to configure different settings of the board. With time, the number of jumpers has come down, with most of its functionality shifted to the CMOS / BIOS. Still, many motherboards today do have one set of jumpers, which is used to reset the BIOS settings.
LAN port:
RJ-45, or the LAN port, allows the PC to be connected to a network, whether to a LAN or to the Internet via a broadband modem.
Parallel port:
The DB 25 or Parallel port is the traditional port for older printers. These are rarely seen today.
The 15-pin, mini DB 15 port, also called the VGA / Display port is used to connect an analogue monitor. With LCD monitors becoming popular, the DVI (Digital Video Interface) port is also frequently seen.
Expansion slots:
Earlier motherboards rarely offered additional functionality besides offering a place for the CPU and RAM to be plugged in. The capability of the system had to be "expanded" with the use of external cards that carried the additional circuitry to fulfil the function. Additional circuitry usually included hard disk controllers,display adapters, sound system, etc.,
FireWire :
portFireWire ports are not as common as USB, but do make an occasional appearance on the back panel. FireWire exists in two versions: FireWire 400, which offers a maximum data transfer rate of 400 Mbps, and FireWire 800, which offers double that.
Form Factor:
This is a name to denote the specifications of a motherboard - like dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc. The most commonly-used motherboards are ofthe ATX or Micro ATX form factor, which are used for Desktop systems.
Jumpers:
These refer to the open contacts on the motherboard that can be used to configure different settings of the board. With time, the number of jumpers has come down, with most of its functionality shifted to the CMOS / BIOS. Still, many motherboards today do have one set of jumpers, which is used to reset the BIOS settings.
LAN port:
RJ-45, or the LAN port, allows the PC to be connected to a network, whether to a LAN or to the Internet via a broadband modem.
Parallel port:
The DB 25 or Parallel port is the traditional port for older printers. These are rarely seen today.
TIPS OF COMPUTER-1
The Motherboard
Audio sockets:
A set of sockets that allowed speakers and a microphone to be connected, usually three in number. With multi-channel audio becoming common, the number of sockets has risen to six. The function of each of these sockets is configurable from the audio driver.
AGP:
The Accelerated Graphics Port is present only in very few new motherboards; it is being phased out. This was a slot dedicated to enhance the graphics capabilities of the system by allowing a high-speed direct bus to the RAM (bus refers to a channel that is used to transfer data.)
BIOS / CMOS:
Though often interchangeably used, the two terms refer to different things. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) refers to a set of instructions that are critical for the functioning of the system. These instructions include information about the components connected to the motherboard, like the hard disk, RAM, and the configuration of the many onboard subsystems. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) refers to the chip on which the BIOS instructions are stored. CMOS is the name of the technology behind the chip that stores the BIOS. Present-day CMOS is technically called EEPROM for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory. These can be rewritten to, and this allows the BIOS instructions of a motherboard to be updated when required.The process of updating the BIOS instructions is called Flashing.
Chipset:
Refers to a set, usually a pair, of microprocessors that are present on the motherboard, and which controls the communication between every component of the system - the CPU, the RAM, the expansion cards, and other peripherals plugged into the system.
Audio sockets:
A set of sockets that allowed speakers and a microphone to be connected, usually three in number. With multi-channel audio becoming common, the number of sockets has risen to six. The function of each of these sockets is configurable from the audio driver.
AGP:
The Accelerated Graphics Port is present only in very few new motherboards; it is being phased out. This was a slot dedicated to enhance the graphics capabilities of the system by allowing a high-speed direct bus to the RAM (bus refers to a channel that is used to transfer data.)
BIOS / CMOS:
Though often interchangeably used, the two terms refer to different things. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) refers to a set of instructions that are critical for the functioning of the system. These instructions include information about the components connected to the motherboard, like the hard disk, RAM, and the configuration of the many onboard subsystems. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) refers to the chip on which the BIOS instructions are stored. CMOS is the name of the technology behind the chip that stores the BIOS. Present-day CMOS is technically called EEPROM for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory. These can be rewritten to, and this allows the BIOS instructions of a motherboard to be updated when required.The process of updating the BIOS instructions is called Flashing.
Chipset:
Refers to a set, usually a pair, of microprocessors that are present on the motherboard, and which controls the communication between every component of the system - the CPU, the RAM, the expansion cards, and other peripherals plugged into the system.
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